This subject advances students' theoretical knowledge to that required for specialist paediatric nursing practice when children with complex health breakdown states require nursing care. Nursing knowledge is applied to the management of infants, children and adolescents in complex health breakdown states. Children's pain and its management are examined and the place of technology in paediatric nursing practice is explored. The development of policy and standards of practice for acutely ill children are considered and nursing approaches to death and dying, loss and grief issues are evaluated.